(2) The application of titanium
1. Applications of titanium and titanium alloys
The dense metal titanium is highly valued by the aviation industry because of its light weight, higher strength than aluminum alloy and its ability to maintain higher strength than aluminum at high temperature. In view of the density of titanium is 57% of steel, its specific strength (strength/weight ratio or strength/density ratio are called specific strength) is high, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, fatigue resistance are strong, 3/4 of titanium alloy is used as structural materials represented by aircraft structural alloy, 1/4 is mainly used as corrosion resistant alloy.
Titanium alloy has low strength and high plasticity, medium strength and high strength, 200(low strength) ~ 1300 mpa (high strength), but generally can be regarded as a high strength alloy. They are stronger than aluminum alloy, which is considered to be medium strength, and can completely replace some types of steel in strength. While the strength of aluminum alloys decreases rapidly at temperatures above 150℃, some titanium alloys maintain good strength at 600℃.
In addition to strength, titanium alloys can also be divided into heat resistance, corrosion resistance, low temperature and special function (such as TiNi shape memory alloy, TiFe hydrogen storage alloy) by use, according to phase composition can be divided into α, α+β and β and near-α, metastable and other types. So far, more than 100 kinds of alloys have been put into production, and only 10 kinds are widely used in industry. Among them, Ti-6Al-4V used as structural alloy accounts for 60% of the titanium alloy sales market, the leading position, followed by Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, its long-term operating temperature can reach 500℃(strength of 780 ~ 980 mpa).
But there are two main factors that keep this resource-rich element from becoming a common metal. The first is cost. At U.S. market prices, titanium ingot is $8 to $12 per pound (1 pound =0.45 kg), aluminum ingot is $1.00 to $1.30 per pound, carbon steel is $0.20 to $0.40 per pound. But the main factor is that titanium itself is extremely reactive and difficult to handle. The furnace atmosphere must be strictly controlled, welding must be carried out in an inert atmosphere. Titanium metal has high activity, low thermal conductivity, large deformation resistance, poor plasticity at room temperature. It is not only easy to bond with the mold in the deformation process, especially in machining when the tool and abrasive bond to the hot processing surface, so that the manufacture of standard structural parts produces a large number of waste titanium chips, the so-called residual titanium. Generally forged titanium ingot processing can produce 70% residual titanium, sometimes this figure can be as high as 90%.
In order to reduce the burden caused by high cost, on the one hand, the residual titanium treatment technology has been developed, on the other hand, the development of near net forming, superplastic forming, precision casting and powder metallurgy, hot isostatic pressing and diffusion connection and other high and new technologies. For example, powder metallurgy products processed by powder milling, forming, sintering or hot isostatic consolidation method are nearly net formed parts, the material utilization rate is as high as 80%, which not only reduces the material consumption, but also significantly reduces the amount of machining. Another example is the application of large-scale thin-wall precision casting technology in titanium alloy, so that the performance of titanium castings is close to that of titanium forgings, and the cost is reduced by about 50%.
The main consumption area of titanium and titanium alloys is firstly the aviation industry. In the 1980s, the titanium used in the aviation industry in the United States accounted for 74.8% of the total consumption of titanium materials, Russia and Britain were also mainly used in the aviation industry, and 90% of the titanium used in the civil industry in Japan. In recent years, the application of titanium in non-aerospace industry is increasing, and aerospace is still the "main" position. Titanium has been used in many aircraft structures since 1952, when it was used as an engine nacle and bulkhead on the Douglas DC-7. Titanium components are critical in the Boeing 757, the supersonic SR-71 Blackbird, the F-22 jet fighter, space satellites and missiles. For example, the fan disc and engine blade in the aircraft are made of titanium castings and forgings.
The second application area of titanium relates to the use of its corrosion resistance. Among them, the largest amount is used for chlor-alkali electrode materials. The service life of titanium anode is 10 times that of graphite anode, which increases the production capacity nearly 1 times and saves electricity by 15%. Annual output of 10,000 tons of caustic soda, about 5 tons of titanium.
Titanium has had its day in shipbuilding in the maritime industry. Six to seven 3,000-ton nuclear submarines built by the former Soviet Union each use 560 tons of titanium (its Alfa class submarines use more than 908 tons of titanium). In recent years, titanium has shown great power in offshore oil and gas exploration and development. From 1997 to 1999 alone, Europe invested 15 billion dollars in North Sea oil and gas development, which was used to build 21 floating production vessels and 64 platforms. A new platform requires 50 to 500 tons of titanium for life safety systems, 50 to 100 tons for wedge stress joints, 400 to 1,200 tons for extendable lifters, and 1,400 to 4,200 tons for fixed lifters.
In the energy industry, titanium is known to be used as a condenser and heat exchanger for power generation devices. In recent years, in geothermal well geothermal development, titanium also shows its outstanding performance, fully showing its corrosion resistance ability. Used as power steam turbines in the high temperature and corrosive environment of geothermal brine, other materials have to be replaced by titanium because of their short life. The advantage of titanium is that it can increase the productivity of heat recovery and the life of geothermal well. Since the 1990s, the United States has drilled a geothermal well with a temperature of up to 300℃ in the Salton Sea area of Southern California. So far, 227 tons of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru alloy seamless pipe has been used. It is estimated that the amount of titanium used in geothermal development worldwide could reach 2,400 tons in the next decade. If the Yangbajing power station in Xizang province uses titanium, its face will be greatly changed.
Ti-6Al-4VELI, Ti-3Al-2.5V, Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru, Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru and Ti-38644(Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo) alloys containing molybdenum are mainly used in offshore oil and gas drilling and geothermal development. Marine fasteners use Ti-5111(Ti-5Al-1Sn-1Zr-1V-0.8Mo) alloy. Alloys such as Ti75, Ti31 and Ti631 were developed for the needs of ocean engineering.
According to statistics, the amount of titanium used in a 200,000-kilowatt thermal generating unit is 90 tons, and the amount of titanium used in a nuclear power plant is 80 ~ 100 tons. Visible energy and corrosion and other aspects of the use of titanium can not be ignored.
Golf balls, biomaterials and automotive manufacturing are three promising new applications for titanium.
In the field of sports and leisure, the growth of the use of golf clubs has been quite dramatic. Titanium did not enter the field in 1993, but increased to 4,000 tons in 1997. The reason is that titanium bats are stronger, lighter, and can hit the ball 20 to 30 yards (1 yard =0.9144 meters) or 15 percent longer on average. The advent of titanium bats led to the addition of 448 new courses in the United States in 1998. There are 25 million players (nearly half the world's total). In 1994, only 500 bats were sold. In 1995, 190,000 bats were sold, and in 1997, 1.72 million bats were sold. Titanium is useful in recreational sports, such as snowboarding, sledges, ice axes, crampons and other mountain climbing facilities.
Titanium is an excellent bone support material with excellent biocompatibility, low coefficient of expansion, high durability and non-magnetic properties. The implanted hip weighs about half as much as stainless steel, and the bone tissue can be attached directly to the titanium implant as it grows. Titanium alloys are also used in knee joints and denture reconstruction. According to statistics, the amount of titanium used in medical implants worldwide is between 600 and 1000 tons per year. In addition to Ti-6Al-4veli (ultra-low gap oxygen), the titanium material used is also developed with aluminum-free (free from toxicity to kidney and lung)Timetal 21SRx(
Ti-2.75Nb-15.2Mo-0.34Fe-0.18Si-0.250), Timetal 21S(Ti-2.9Nb-14-9Mo-0.09Fe-2.9Al-0.22Si-0.140), Ti-6Al-7Nb.
The development of low cost titanium production and titanium powder processing technology has made it possible to extend the application of titanium to the automobile industry. Springs made of titanium are already being used in Formula One cars, racing motorcycles and the most advanced Ferraris. It is expected that it will soon be used in engine valves, connecting rods, suspension springs, discharge systems and fasteners of light vehicles. It is estimated that titanium will enter the automobile market in large scale from Japan and the United States. In the United States, which produces 16 million cars and light trucks a year, Honda of Japan introduced titanium valves for its Altezza family sedan in late 1998.
2. Application of titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide is mainly used in coatings, plastics, paper making, synthetic fibers, printing ink, rubber, enamel and other aspects, as other white coatings. Ultrafine titanium dioxide and titanium sol composed of water and organic solvent has become an independent new variety, used in cosmetics, lens surface coating agent, ink and coating additives, its application field is still expanding. The United States is the world's largest producer and consumer of titanium dioxide, with production of 1.36 million tons in 1998, apparent consumption of 1.13 million tons and an output value of $3 billion. Our country output and dosage are much smaller. The consumption of titanium dioxide in the United States, 50% for pigments, paints, varnishes, 23% for paper, 23% for plastics, 9% for other purposes.
3. Other applications
Ferrotitanium (TiFe) made of ilmen concentrate is a deoxidizing agent and stabilizer used in the manufacture of stainless steel. The performance of ferrotitanium hydrogen storage anode in hydrogen storage battery manufacturing is different from that of rare earth hydrogen storage materials, and the cost is relatively low. It will have a fight with rare earth in hydrogen storage, transportation, catalysis, fuel cells and other aspects. Ti - Ni shape memory alloy is medical and military indispensable high-tech materials. As for the functional materials of electronic ceramics barium titanate, strontium titanate, titanium compound catalyst, organic titanium heat resistant paint and titanium epoxy coating, etc., the uses are too numerous to enumerate.
Cochinita Journal
Properties and applications of titanium and titanium alloys
Properties and applications of titanium and titanium alloys
(1) Properties of titanium
The appearance of titanium and steel is very similar, the density of 4.51 g/cm 3, less than 60% of steel, is the lowest density of refractory metal elements.
Titanium is very stable in air at room temperature. When heated to 400 ~ 550℃, a layer of solid oxide film is generated on the surface to prevent further oxidation protection. Titanium absorption of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen ability is very strong, this kind of gas is very harmful to metal titanium impurities, even if the content is very small (0.01% ~ 0.005%) can seriously affect its mechanical properties.
The mechanical properties of titanium, commonly known as mechanical properties, are closely related to its purity. High purity titanium has excellent machining properties, good elongation and section shrinkage, but low strength, not suitable for structural materials. Industrial pure titanium contains appropriate amount of impurities, has high strength and plasticity, suitable for the production of structural materials.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most practical compound of titanium.welded titanium tube supplier consider Ti02 is inert and non-toxic to human body. It has a series of excellent optical properties. Ti02 opaque, high gloss and whiteness, refractive index and scattering power, covering power, good dispersion, made of pigment for white powder, commonly known as titanium white, widely used.
(2) The application of titanium
1. Applications of titanium and titanium alloys
The dense metal titanium is highly valued by the aviation industry because of its light weight, higher strength than aluminum alloy and its ability to maintain higher strength than aluminum at high temperature. In view of the density of titanium is 57% of steel, its specific strength (strength/weight ratio or strength/density ratio are called specific strength) is high, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, fatigue resistance are strong, 3/4 of titanium alloy is used as structural materials represented by aircraft structural alloy, 1/4 is mainly used as corrosion resistant alloy.
Titanium alloy has low strength and high plasticity, medium strength and high strength, 200(low strength) ~ 1300 mpa (high strength), but generally can be regarded as a high strength alloy. They are stronger than aluminum alloy, which is considered to be medium strength, and can completely replace some types of steel in strength. While the strength of aluminum alloys decreases rapidly at temperatures above 150℃, some titanium alloys maintain good strength at 600℃.
In addition to strength, titanium alloys can also be divided into heat resistance, corrosion resistance, low temperature and special function (such as TiNi shape memory alloy, TiFe hydrogen storage alloy) by use, according to phase composition can be divided into α, α+β and β and near-α, metastable and other types. So far, more than 100 kinds of alloys have been put into production, and only 10 kinds are widely used in industry. Among them, Ti-6Al-4V used as structural alloy accounts for 60% of the titanium alloy sales market, the leading position, followed by Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, its long-term operating temperature can reach 500℃(strength of 780 ~ 980 mpa).
But there are two main factors that keep this resource-rich element from becoming a common metal. The first is cost. At U.S. market prices, titanium ingot is $8 to $12 per pound (1 pound =0.45 kg), aluminum ingot is $1.00 to $1.30 per pound, carbon steel is $0.20 to $0.40 per pound. But the main factor is that titanium itself is extremely reactive and difficult to handle. The furnace atmosphere must be strictly controlled, welding must be carried out in an inert atmosphere. Titanium metal has high activity, low thermal conductivity, large deformation resistance, poor plasticity at room temperature. It is not only easy to bond with the mold in the deformation process, especially in machining when the tool and abrasive bond to the hot processing surface, so that the manufacture of standard structural parts produces a large number of waste titanium chips, the so-called residual titanium. Generally forged titanium ingot processing can produce 70% residual titanium, sometimes this figure can be as high as 90%.
In order to reduce the burden caused by high cost, on the one hand, the residual titanium treatment technology has been developed, on the other hand, the development of near net forming, superplastic forming, precision casting and powder metallurgy, hot isostatic pressing and diffusion connection and other high and new technologies. For example, powder metallurgy products processed by powder milling, forming, sintering or hot isostatic consolidation method are nearly net formed parts, the material utilization rate is as high as 80%, which not only reduces the material consumption, but also significantly reduces the amount of machining. Another example is the application of large-scale thin-wall precision casting technology in titanium alloy, so that the performance of titanium castings is close to that of titanium forgings, and the cost is reduced by about 50%.
The main consumption area of titanium and titanium alloys is firstly the aviation industry. In the 1980s, the titanium used in the aviation industry in the United States accounted for 74.8% of the total consumption of titanium materials, Russia and Britain were also mainly used in the aviation industry, and 90% of the titanium used in the civil industry in Japan. In recent years, the application of titanium in non-aerospace industry is increasing, and aerospace is still the "main" position. Titanium has been used in many aircraft structures since 1952, when it was used as an engine nacle and bulkhead on the Douglas DC-7. Titanium components are critical in the Boeing 757, the supersonic SR-71 Blackbird, the F-22 jet fighter, space satellites and missiles. For example, the fan disc and engine blade in the aircraft are made of titanium castings and forgings.
The second application area of titanium relates to the use of its corrosion resistance. Among them, the largest amount is used for chlor-alkali electrode materials. The service life of titanium anode is 10 times that of graphite anode, which increases the production capacity nearly 1 times and saves electricity by 15%. Annual output of 10,000 tons of caustic soda, about 5 tons of titanium.
Titanium has had its day in shipbuilding in the maritime industry. Six to seven 3,000-ton nuclear submarines built by the former Soviet Union each use 560 tons of titanium (its Alfa class submarines use more than 908 tons of titanium). In recent years, titanium has shown great power in offshore oil and gas exploration and development. From 1997 to 1999 alone, Europe invested 15 billion dollars in North Sea oil and gas development, which was used to build 21 floating production vessels and 64 platforms. A new platform requires 50 to 500 tons of titanium for life safety systems, 50 to 100 tons for wedge stress joints, 400 to 1,200 tons for extendable lifters, and 1,400 to 4,200 tons for fixed lifters.
In the energy industry, titanium is known to be used as a condenser and heat exchanger for power generation devices. In recent years, in geothermal well geothermal development, titanium also shows its outstanding performance, fully showing its corrosion resistance ability. Used as power steam turbines in the high temperature and corrosive environment of geothermal brine, other materials have to be replaced by titanium because of their short life. The advantage of titanium is that it can increase the productivity of heat recovery and the life of geothermal well. Since the 1990s, the United States has drilled a geothermal well with a temperature of up to 300℃ in the Salton Sea area of Southern California. So far, 227 tons of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru alloy seamless pipe has been used. It is estimated that the amount of titanium used in geothermal development worldwide could reach 2,400 tons in the next decade. If the Yangbajing power station in Xizang province uses titanium, its face will be greatly changed.
Ti-6Al-4VELI, Ti-3Al-2.5V, Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru, Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru and Ti-38644(Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo) alloys containing molybdenum are mainly used in offshore oil and gas drilling and geothermal development. Marine fasteners use Ti-5111(Ti-5Al-1Sn-1Zr-1V-0.8Mo) alloy. Alloys such as Ti75, Ti31 and Ti631 were developed for the needs of ocean engineering.
According to statistics, the amount of titanium used in a 200,000-kilowatt thermal generating unit is 90 tons, and the amount of titanium used in a nuclear power plant is 80 ~ 100 tons. Visible energy and corrosion and other aspects of the use of titanium can not be ignored.
Golf balls, biomaterials and automotive manufacturing are three promising new applications for titanium.
In the field of sports and leisure, the growth of the use of golf clubs has been quite dramatic. Titanium did not enter the field in 1993, but increased to 4,000 tons in 1997. The reason is that titanium bats are stronger, lighter, and can hit the ball 20 to 30 yards (1 yard =0.9144 meters) or 15 percent longer on average. The advent of titanium bats led to the addition of 448 new courses in the United States in 1998. There are 25 million players (nearly half the world's total). In 1994, only 500 bats were sold. In 1995, 190,000 bats were sold, and in 1997, 1.72 million bats were sold. Titanium is useful in recreational sports, such as snowboarding, sledges, ice axes, crampons and other mountain climbing facilities.
Titanium is an excellent bone support material with excellent biocompatibility, low coefficient of expansion, high durability and non-magnetic properties. The implanted hip weighs about half as much as stainless steel, and the bone tissue can be attached directly to the titanium implant as it grows. Titanium alloys are also used in knee joints and denture reconstruction. According to statistics, the amount of titanium used in medical implants worldwide is between 600 and 1000 tons per year. In addition to Ti-6Al-4veli (ultra-low gap oxygen), the titanium material used is also developed with aluminum-free (free from toxicity to kidney and lung)Timetal 21SRx(
Ti-2.75Nb-15.2Mo-0.34Fe-0.18Si-0.250), Timetal 21S(Ti-2.9Nb-14-9Mo-0.09Fe-2.9Al-0.22Si-0.140), Ti-6Al-7Nb.
The development of low cost titanium production and titanium powder processing technology has made it possible to extend the application of titanium to the automobile industry. Springs made of titanium are already being used in Formula One cars, racing motorcycles and the most advanced Ferraris. It is expected that it will soon be used in engine valves, connecting rods, suspension springs, discharge systems and fasteners of light vehicles. It is estimated that titanium will enter the automobile market in large scale from Japan and the United States. In the United States, which produces 16 million cars and light trucks a year, Honda of Japan introduced titanium valves for its Altezza family sedan in late 1998.
2. Application of titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide is mainly used in coatings, plastics, paper making, synthetic fibers, printing ink, rubber, enamel and other aspects, as other white coatings. Ultrafine titanium dioxide and titanium sol composed of water and organic solvent has become an independent new variety, used in cosmetics, lens surface coating agent, ink and coating additives, its application field is still expanding. The United States is the world's largest producer and consumer of titanium dioxide, with production of 1.36 million tons in 1998, apparent consumption of 1.13 million tons and an output value of $3 billion. Our country output and dosage are much smaller. The consumption of titanium dioxide in the United States, 50% for pigments, paints, varnishes, 23% for paper, 23% for plastics, 9% for other purposes.
3. Other applications
Ferrotitanium (TiFe) made of ilmen concentrate is a deoxidizing agent and stabilizer used in the manufacture of stainless steel. The performance of ferrotitanium hydrogen storage anode in hydrogen storage battery manufacturing is different from that of rare earth hydrogen storage materials, and the cost is relatively low. It will have a fight with rare earth in hydrogen storage, transportation, catalysis, fuel cells and other aspects. Ti - Ni shape memory alloy is medical and military indispensable high-tech materials. As for the functional materials of electronic ceramics barium titanate, strontium titanate, titanium compound catalyst, organic titanium heat resistant paint and titanium epoxy coating, etc., the uses are too numerous to enumerate.
Back to Journal
(2) The application of titanium
1. Applications of titanium and titanium alloys
The dense metal titanium is highly valued by the aviation industry because of its light weight, higher strength than aluminum alloy and its ability to maintain higher strength than aluminum at high temperature. In view of the density of titanium is 57% of steel, its specific strength (strength/weight ratio or strength/density ratio are called specific strength) is high, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, fatigue resistance are strong, 3/4 of titanium alloy is used as structural materials represented by aircraft structural alloy, 1/4 is mainly used as corrosion resistant alloy.
Titanium alloy has low strength and high plasticity, medium strength and high strength, 200(low strength) ~ 1300 mpa (high strength), but generally can be regarded as a high strength alloy. They are stronger than aluminum alloy, which is considered to be medium strength, and can completely replace some types of steel in strength. While the strength of aluminum alloys decreases rapidly at temperatures above 150℃, some titanium alloys maintain good strength at 600℃.
In addition to strength, titanium alloys can also be divided into heat resistance, corrosion resistance, low temperature and special function (such as TiNi shape memory alloy, TiFe hydrogen storage alloy) by use, according to phase composition can be divided into α, α+β and β and near-α, metastable and other types. So far, more than 100 kinds of alloys have been put into production, and only 10 kinds are widely used in industry. Among them, Ti-6Al-4V used as structural alloy accounts for 60% of the titanium alloy sales market, the leading position, followed by Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, its long-term operating temperature can reach 500℃(strength of 780 ~ 980 mpa).
But there are two main factors that keep this resource-rich element from becoming a common metal. The first is cost. At U.S. market prices, titanium ingot is $8 to $12 per pound (1 pound =0.45 kg), aluminum ingot is $1.00 to $1.30 per pound, carbon steel is $0.20 to $0.40 per pound. But the main factor is that titanium itself is extremely reactive and difficult to handle. The furnace atmosphere must be strictly controlled, welding must be carried out in an inert atmosphere. Titanium metal has high activity, low thermal conductivity, large deformation resistance, poor plasticity at room temperature. It is not only easy to bond with the mold in the deformation process, especially in machining when the tool and abrasive bond to the hot processing surface, so that the manufacture of standard structural parts produces a large number of waste titanium chips, the so-called residual titanium. Generally forged titanium ingot processing can produce 70% residual titanium, sometimes this figure can be as high as 90%.
In order to reduce the burden caused by high cost, on the one hand, the residual titanium treatment technology has been developed, on the other hand, the development of near net forming, superplastic forming, precision casting and powder metallurgy, hot isostatic pressing and diffusion connection and other high and new technologies. For example, powder metallurgy products processed by powder milling, forming, sintering or hot isostatic consolidation method are nearly net formed parts, the material utilization rate is as high as 80%, which not only reduces the material consumption, but also significantly reduces the amount of machining. Another example is the application of large-scale thin-wall precision casting technology in titanium alloy, so that the performance of titanium castings is close to that of titanium forgings, and the cost is reduced by about 50%.
The main consumption area of titanium and titanium alloys is firstly the aviation industry. In the 1980s, the titanium used in the aviation industry in the United States accounted for 74.8% of the total consumption of titanium materials, Russia and Britain were also mainly used in the aviation industry, and 90% of the titanium used in the civil industry in Japan. In recent years, the application of titanium in non-aerospace industry is increasing, and aerospace is still the "main" position. Titanium has been used in many aircraft structures since 1952, when it was used as an engine nacle and bulkhead on the Douglas DC-7. Titanium components are critical in the Boeing 757, the supersonic SR-71 Blackbird, the F-22 jet fighter, space satellites and missiles. For example, the fan disc and engine blade in the aircraft are made of titanium castings and forgings.
The second application area of titanium relates to the use of its corrosion resistance. Among them, the largest amount is used for chlor-alkali electrode materials. The service life of titanium anode is 10 times that of graphite anode, which increases the production capacity nearly 1 times and saves electricity by 15%. Annual output of 10,000 tons of caustic soda, about 5 tons of titanium.
Titanium has had its day in shipbuilding in the maritime industry. Six to seven 3,000-ton nuclear submarines built by the former Soviet Union each use 560 tons of titanium (its Alfa class submarines use more than 908 tons of titanium). In recent years, titanium has shown great power in offshore oil and gas exploration and development. From 1997 to 1999 alone, Europe invested 15 billion dollars in North Sea oil and gas development, which was used to build 21 floating production vessels and 64 platforms. A new platform requires 50 to 500 tons of titanium for life safety systems, 50 to 100 tons for wedge stress joints, 400 to 1,200 tons for extendable lifters, and 1,400 to 4,200 tons for fixed lifters.
In the energy industry, titanium is known to be used as a condenser and heat exchanger for power generation devices. In recent years, in geothermal well geothermal development, titanium also shows its outstanding performance, fully showing its corrosion resistance ability. Used as power steam turbines in the high temperature and corrosive environment of geothermal brine, other materials have to be replaced by titanium because of their short life. The advantage of titanium is that it can increase the productivity of heat recovery and the life of geothermal well. Since the 1990s, the United States has drilled a geothermal well with a temperature of up to 300℃ in the Salton Sea area of Southern California. So far, 227 tons of Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru alloy seamless pipe has been used. It is estimated that the amount of titanium used in geothermal development worldwide could reach 2,400 tons in the next decade. If the Yangbajing power station in Xizang province uses titanium, its face will be greatly changed.
Ti-6Al-4VELI, Ti-3Al-2.5V, Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru, Ti-3Al-2.5V-0.1Ru and Ti-38644(Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo) alloys containing molybdenum are mainly used in offshore oil and gas drilling and geothermal development. Marine fasteners use Ti-5111(Ti-5Al-1Sn-1Zr-1V-0.8Mo) alloy. Alloys such as Ti75, Ti31 and Ti631 were developed for the needs of ocean engineering.
According to statistics, the amount of titanium used in a 200,000-kilowatt thermal generating unit is 90 tons, and the amount of titanium used in a nuclear power plant is 80 ~ 100 tons. Visible energy and corrosion and other aspects of the use of titanium can not be ignored.
Golf balls, biomaterials and automotive manufacturing are three promising new applications for titanium.
In the field of sports and leisure, the growth of the use of golf clubs has been quite dramatic. Titanium did not enter the field in 1993, but increased to 4,000 tons in 1997. The reason is that titanium bats are stronger, lighter, and can hit the ball 20 to 30 yards (1 yard =0.9144 meters) or 15 percent longer on average. The advent of titanium bats led to the addition of 448 new courses in the United States in 1998. There are 25 million players (nearly half the world's total). In 1994, only 500 bats were sold. In 1995, 190,000 bats were sold, and in 1997, 1.72 million bats were sold. Titanium is useful in recreational sports, such as snowboarding, sledges, ice axes, crampons and other mountain climbing facilities.
Titanium is an excellent bone support material with excellent biocompatibility, low coefficient of expansion, high durability and non-magnetic properties. The implanted hip weighs about half as much as stainless steel, and the bone tissue can be attached directly to the titanium implant as it grows. Titanium alloys are also used in knee joints and denture reconstruction. According to statistics, the amount of titanium used in medical implants worldwide is between 600 and 1000 tons per year. In addition to Ti-6Al-4veli (ultra-low gap oxygen), the titanium material used is also developed with aluminum-free (free from toxicity to kidney and lung)Timetal 21SRx(
Ti-2.75Nb-15.2Mo-0.34Fe-0.18Si-0.250), Timetal 21S(Ti-2.9Nb-14-9Mo-0.09Fe-2.9Al-0.22Si-0.140), Ti-6Al-7Nb.
The development of low cost titanium production and titanium powder processing technology has made it possible to extend the application of titanium to the automobile industry. Springs made of titanium are already being used in Formula One cars, racing motorcycles and the most advanced Ferraris. It is expected that it will soon be used in engine valves, connecting rods, suspension springs, discharge systems and fasteners of light vehicles. It is estimated that titanium will enter the automobile market in large scale from Japan and the United States. In the United States, which produces 16 million cars and light trucks a year, Honda of Japan introduced titanium valves for its Altezza family sedan in late 1998.
2. Application of titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide is mainly used in coatings, plastics, paper making, synthetic fibers, printing ink, rubber, enamel and other aspects, as other white coatings. Ultrafine titanium dioxide and titanium sol composed of water and organic solvent has become an independent new variety, used in cosmetics, lens surface coating agent, ink and coating additives, its application field is still expanding. The United States is the world's largest producer and consumer of titanium dioxide, with production of 1.36 million tons in 1998, apparent consumption of 1.13 million tons and an output value of $3 billion. Our country output and dosage are much smaller. The consumption of titanium dioxide in the United States, 50% for pigments, paints, varnishes, 23% for paper, 23% for plastics, 9% for other purposes.
3. Other applications
Ferrotitanium (TiFe) made of ilmen concentrate is a deoxidizing agent and stabilizer used in the manufacture of stainless steel. The performance of ferrotitanium hydrogen storage anode in hydrogen storage battery manufacturing is different from that of rare earth hydrogen storage materials, and the cost is relatively low. It will have a fight with rare earth in hydrogen storage, transportation, catalysis, fuel cells and other aspects. Ti - Ni shape memory alloy is medical and military indispensable high-tech materials. As for the functional materials of electronic ceramics barium titanate, strontium titanate, titanium compound catalyst, organic titanium heat resistant paint and titanium epoxy coating, etc., the uses are too numerous to enumerate.